Training future describers: A practice report from an audio description classroom

Over the past few years, we have been observing an exponential growth in audio description (AD). This has resulted in a growing need for trained AD professionals and, consequently, for AD training. While the ADLAB PRO project helped define the professional profile of the audio describer and produced a range of training materials, there is still considerable room for other AD training approaches to be shared with a view to inspiring AD trainers when creating their courses. Thus, this practice report presents selected exercises that I have been developing since 2009, when I first started teaching AD both at university and outside academia (e.g., during dedicated courses for broadcasters, NGOs and cultural institutions), presenting their learning outcomes and framing them within the ADLAB PRO framework of competencies for professional audio describers. All the activities offered in this article are based on my professional experience as an academic teacher and researcher and also as a professional describer and accessibility manager who overlsees the entire AD production process: from negotiating with clients through production (scripting, proofs, recording, quality control) to product delivery and on-site assistance.


Introduction
In recent years we have been observing an exponential growth in audio description (AD), both in research and, perhaps even more importantly, in practice. Legislation introduced at the global, 1 European 2 and national 3 levels prompted the industry to introduce access services. This resulted in a growing need for trained AD professionals and, consequently, for AD training. New legislation that recently came into play -the European Accessibility Act 4 -will increase this demand even further.
AD training is now offered at various levels 5 (e.g., university courses at graduate or postgraduate level, professional training courses), yet a consistent definition of a describer's competences is still lacking. It would, however, be untruthful to say that the issue has been completely overlooked, because both researchers and practitioners have tried to define the competences needed and have published on this topic (Díaz-Cintas, 2007;Evangelina, Peralta, Guajardo, Sotomayor, & Lemus, n.d.;Hyks, 2005;Matamala, 2006;Matamala & Orero, 2007;Navarrete Moreno, 1997;Orero, 2005;Sadowska, 2014;Snyder, 2014). Some information is also provided by organizations that offer professional training (e.g., Access2Arts,n.d.;Audio Description Association,n.d.). However, it should be noted that none of the attempts mentioned above are supported by research evidence nor do they constitute a comprehensive framework comparable to models such as, for example, the European Master's in Translation (European Commission, 2017) or PACTE (Hurtado Albir, 2017), known in Translation Studies.
Hopefully, this will change as ADLAB PRO 6 -the first large-scale project that aimed at defining the professional profile of an audio describer and at designing dedicated training materialswas in place between 2016 and 2019.
Teaching materials are another burning issue in AD training. It would not be an exaggeration to say that, until very recently, apart from a few exceptions (Fryer, 2016;Jankowska, 2017;Matamala & Orero, 2007;Sadowska, 2014;Snyder, 2014), hardly any training materials were generally available. Although, as already mentioned, in 2019, a set of freely available online materials was created by the ADLAB PRO project (see more at www.adlabpro.eu/course materials/), it is still a drop in the ocean, especially when compared to the resources available for translator training, for example. Because of that, AD trainers base the curricula and training materials they produce on guidelines, research results or simply on what they believe is relevant.
This article attempts to contribute to that by presenting selected activities that I have been developing since 2009, when I first started teaching AD both at university and outside academia. I do not pretend to have created an exhaustive competence model or even to tackle all the major competences and skills needed by describers. But I do want to share part of my personal experience for others to assess, analyse, use and, hopefully, to gain something from. But I hope that others will also criticize, discuss and dispute, so that the gain is mutual. This article should be regarded as a practice report, hence the personal rather than the academic tone.
The article starts with a brief explanation of my pedagogical approach, which is placed within the integrative functional approach (Biel, 2013) combined with active and exploratory learning. Then sample exercises are presented and discussed. An attempt is made to place the discussed exercises within the ADLAB PRO competence framework for the professional audio describer (ADLAB PRO, 2018). All of them focus mainly on teaching AD scripting and are organized in the following modules, which are also sub-sections of this article: First steps in AD scripting (3.1), AD translation (3.2), Learning and questioning the guidelines (3.3), From rules to strategies (3.4) and Collaborative AD scripting (3.4).

Pedagogical approach
The approach I take in class is based on what Biel (2013) calls the integrative functional approach, which draws upon the professional realism of training, social constructivism and functionalism. It also combines a teacher-centred approach with a student-centred approach to gradually move from teacher-assisted to autonomous learning. While I value and use the more traditional approach of offering knowledge through lectures and readings, I try to build my teaching on the principles of active and discovery learning that involves the trainees in the learning process through a variety of exercises (e.g., discussion, problem-solving, pro-con grids, brainstorming, think-pair-share) that promote inductive rather than deductive learning (Bonwell & Eison, 1991;Felder, Celanese, & Brent, 2009).
However, one thing should be pointed out from the outset: I believe that the best way to achieve the goal of training successful describers is through intertwining theory with practice. Anyone who has ever taught audiovisual translation (AVT) or AD must have noticed that trainees are usually highly practice-oriented. They want to learn how to write, how to cue, how to use the software, etc. At the mere sound of the word "theory", they seem -at the very best -to become discouraged, since they think that theory is not useful in professional practice. The relationship between theory and practice is not an easy one. However, given my double background as practisearcher, I am strongly convinced that in the case of AD, it is a reciprocal relationship in which theory informs practice and practice informs theory.
However, while theory can provide crucial input that allows for the development of the necessary skills and competences, it is impossible to learn to describe only theoreticallyhands-on experience is a must. It is through practice and searching for real solutions to real problems that future describers learn how to use the tools provided by theory. While this idea of blending theory and practice sounds convincing, there is an important question that needs to be answered: How does one apply it in a teaching context? In my approach, I try to build practical exercises based on input provided by research. I hope to show how it is done by presenting the exercises I developed for use in describer training.

Sample exercises
Owing to the limited space available for this article, I present below a selection of the exercises that I have been developing and using for training within and outside of academia since 2009. These exercises are usually embedded in a larger, modular, course on film AD (Jankowska, 2017). The course starts with modules presenting an introduction to the general concept of accessibility, AD history, current legal status and legislation. Then we move to modules that help to develop knowledge of the rules of film AD and practical AD scripting skills. This article presents sample exercises of the practical AD scripting skills. An important part of the entire course, not discussed here, is contact with real-life assignments and AD users through active participation in access service provision during a film festival (Jankowska, 2017;Jankowska, 2018a). The exercises presented below are grouped -based on my course structure -into five modules: (1) First steps in AD; (2) Translating AD; (3) Learning and questioning the guidelines; (4) From rules to strategies and (5) Collaborative AD scripting. All the proposed exercises can be used in different teaching scenarios: face-to-face, on-line and blended learning. They can serve both as in-class activities and as home assignments.
Although my materials were developed prior to the competence model proposed by the ADLAB PRO project, for the sake of clarity I attempt to frame them within the ADLAB PRO structure. The primary purpose of all the exercises presented below overlaps with some of the main competences put forward by the ADLAB PRO framework, that is to say, to develop "skills for the production of an AD-script for different/selected types of AD" (Competence 6) and to acquire "skills for assessing/editing AD" (Competence 8) -see Table 1 below for details. However, they also partially overlap with other competences and sub-competences of the ADLAB PRO framework (see Table 2 below). Some issues included in my training seem not to be present in the ADLAB PRO framework. I discuss them in connection with the specific exercises, but I do not dare to call them 'competences'. As already mentioned, I do not wish to put forward a competence model and decide what is and what is not competence. This article is solely an account of my approach to AD training. Table 1 Competences 6 and 8 of the ADLAB PRO framework in the proposed exercises. Table 2 Other competences of the ADLA PRO framework in the proposed exercises

First steps in audio description
The purpose of the exercises presented below is to give trainees first insights into the challenges of AD drafting and assessing/editing (ADLAB PRO Competences 6, 6b, 6c, 6d and 8), with a particular focus on structuring the description, deciding on the level of detail and knowing how much information is necessary. Two other important issues tackled by these exercises are reflection on the describer's invisibility and the ability to accept feedback.

Exercise 1: Can you draw it?
This is one of the very first practical exercises I use in my AD classes. I usually propose it when my trainees are still a tabula rasa, that is to say, when they already know that AD exists and are acquainted with its purposes but are not influenced by any particular AD approach. The point of this exercise is to enable trainees to experience AD from the perspective of a user and to use this experience to deduce possible AD drafting solutions. An essential part of this exercise is for trainees to accept feedback and defend their viewpoint -an important skill for any describer.
Trainees are presented with two manipulated descriptions of the same schematic picture ( Figure 1) and asked to draw a picture based on these descriptions. First, they listen to Description 1 (Example 1), which is well structured but imprecise. After completing the first drawing, they listen to Description 2 (Example 1), which is chaotic but very detailed. When the drawings are complete, the trainees present them to their peers and engage in a group discussion to consider which description was easier to follow and why. Ideally, they conclude that descriptions which go from the general to the specific and do not overwhelm with detail are more comfortable to follow.
They work as partners in pairs. Each trainee in the pair receives a different picture, which they do not show to their partner. Then they take turns and read the descriptions to their partners, who draw. When both drawings are completed, the trainees compare them with the original picture, giving each other feedback on what was challenging to follow and why. Finally, they prepare final versions of the descriptions. For the concluding group discussion, the trainees comment on the changes they introduced to their descriptions and try to justify them. The trainer acts as a moderator and, depending on the students, can adopt various approaches to stimulate the discussion.

Exercise 2: Can you see what I am seeing?
This exercise sets out to give the trainees some food for thought about their position as describers and their (in)visibility. The exercise draws from the basic concept of cognitive linguistics -the construal, which refers to the basic human ability to portray the same content in various ways (Langacker, 2008;Taylor, 2002). The way we depict something depends on the distance from which we examine the scene, what we look at in particular, which objects we pay most attention to, where we view the scene from, and on our previous experience or knowledge (Langacker, 2008).
To start the exercise, the trainer places several objects on a table in the middle of the roomfor example, a small cosmetic purse and its contents. It is important to lay them out in such a way that the trainees, depending on where they sit, see different details. For example, some trainees might see a logo imprinted on the back of a cosmetic case, whereas others will see that the case contains blusher. The trainees are asked to describe what they see in as much detail as possible, but they are not allowed to move from their places.
In the next step, the trainees read the descriptions to their colleagues and engage in a group discussion to discover the factors that influenced their descriptions, that is, where they were looking from (e.g., seeing either a "cosmetic case" or a "rose powder blusher case") and also their general knowledge (e.g., being able to identify the logo and attribute it to a concrete brand). This is followed by a reflection on the describer's role, that is, should they know more than their target audience, should they prepare for their work by familiarizing themselves with documentation and terminology or should they rely exclusively on what they see?

Exercise 3: Cut it in half and then in half again!
This exercise explores the issues of time constraints and level of detail. The trainees receive pictures of a famous actor and are asked to prepare a detailed description (approx. 80 words).
When they have finished, the trainees are asked to shorten the description by half and then by half again.

Exercise 4: Now, you see him?
This exercise can be used as a starting point for a discussion about what should be prioritized in description and how much the describer should reveal. The trainees receive three different pictures of the same actor ( Figure 4) and are asked to describe them -each trainee describes just one picture and is asked not to reveal it to their peers. 7 Figure 4: Sample pictures of the same actor (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000136/).
Then they read their descriptions out loud. Finally, the pictures are shown to the group and a discussion about what is important in the description follows. Some things that should be considered here are: (1) Should descriptions name the actor on the pictures, make direct reference to the character he represents or describe the characteristic features of the actor and/or character? (2) What if the describer does not know the actor and/or the character he or she impersonates? As in translation, there are no correct answers and, ideally, the trainees conclude that the approach taken might rely mostly on the context, but the approach should be a conscious decision of describers who do not rely solely on what they (think) they see.

Translating audio description 8
Descriptions can be scripted according to three different workflows: by an individual describer, by a team of describers or by an interlingual translation of scripts (Jankowska, 2015). This last workflow, although to date least popular in professional practice, is introduced in training for several reasons. First, it is used as an introduction to AD scripting. On the one hand, it allows trainees to familiarize themselves with descriptions: with style, structure, strategies, choices, etc. On the other hand, the exercises presented below are linked to research results. In this way, they try to raise trainees' awareness of the needs of audiences with vision loss and show them that they might be different from the needs of sighted viewers. The exercises discussed below overlap with Competences 2, 6, 6b, 6c, 6d, 8 and 11 of the ADLAB PRO framework.

Exercise 1: Who wrote it?
In this exercise, the trainees familiarize themselves with different styles, structures and strategies of AD by comparing Polish and British AD scripts. The trainees watch six short clips from Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (Heyman & Columbus, 2001) and read two different descriptions of each scene: one description is a Polish translation of the English script written by Diane Langfold and Joan Greening ("Translated script" in Example 2 below, for this article, is presented in the original English version) and the other one is a description drafted originally in Polish ("Written script" in Example 2 below, for this article, is presented in English translation). The trainees receive a handout in which the order of the descriptions in each scene is randomized. At this stage, the trainees do not know which description is translated and which is originally drafted in Polish.
Example 2: Sample of written and translated AD scripts.
The trainees vote individually to choose their preferred description for each of the scenes and decide which description was written in Polish and which was translated from English. This is followed by a group discussion during which the trainees justify their choices. After that, the results of the survey are presented -preferences and guesses are revealed. The trainees then also learn which descriptions were originally scripted in Polish and which were translated from English. This is followed by a pair or group discussion in which the trainees analyse the descriptions in terms of style, structure and strategies used. Later they try to establish common features of the AD scripted in Polish and that translated from English.

Exercise 2: What did the audience think? 9
The purpose of this exercise is to sensitize the trainees to the needs of the target users and to show them that their needs might differ from those of sighted viewers. They also become familiar with different AD scripting styles. The trainees are presented with the results of a reception study carried out among audiences with and without vision loss. The participants were presented with two descriptions of the same scene and were asked to choose the one they preferred (Jankowska, 2015). The results show that while participants with vision loss preferred translated descriptions, sighted participants opted for those descriptions that were originally drafted in Polish (see Figure 5). The trainees analyse the scripts and try to find features that, in their opinion, could justify the preferences. Finally, the trainer presents research results which explain the preferences of both groups: for example, participants with vision loss preferred descriptions that followed a logical chronology rather than camera movements, covered a broader scope of events but in lesser detail, etc. (Jankowska, 2015).

Exercise 3: To write or to translate?
In this exercise, the trainees experiment with AD translation to compare it against the more traditional workflow of individual scripting. At the same time, through translation, they familiarize themselves with the different structure, style and strategies of AD. The trainees prepare AD scripts following two workflow types: individual scripting and individual translating. They work in two groups: those in Group A write AD to Clip 1 and then translate AD for Clip 2. Those in Group B first translate AD to Clip 2 and then write AD to Clip 1. While performing both tasks, they are asked to keep track of the time spent on each clip (e.g., through Clocify).
A group discussion follows in which the trainees compare the scripts and the time spent on preparing them. They try to decide whether and how translation helped them in AD writing, whether translation is a valid AD drafting workflow and what its advantages and disadvantages are.

Learning and questioning the guidelines
During the early years of AD development, guidelines were a prominent topic both in research and in practice. To provide quality AD, efforts were made to create both universal (Mazur & Chmiel, 2012b;Vercauteren, 2007) and national guidelines (Bittner, 2010).
The main aim of the exercises presented below is twofold: on the one hand, they aim at familiarizing trainees with the two sets of Polish AD guidelines (ADLAB PRO Competence 2) and, on the other, they aim to develop a critical approach towards them. The latter is crucial for two interconnected reasons: the status of AD guidelines in Poland and the coexistence of what is sometimes called two AD schools (Jankowska, 2018b The approaches to AD they present, especially when it comes to the issue of objectivity-subjectivity, are so discrepant that some even propose to distinguish between "the Warsaw school of AD" and "the Białystok school of AD" (Jankowska, 2018b, p. 153). However, they do have something in common. Both documents were created based on other guidelines and the personal experience of their authors, although their titles suggest that rather than with "guidelines" we are dealing with "standards". This -as I observed -is very confusing for novice describers, who tend to see these documents as commandments that are not to be questioned.
The exercises presented below are the third version of an exercise that initially consisted of preparing a multimedia presentation on selected guidelines -each group received one document. When I realized that the trainees present the guidelines as if they were laws and regulations that must be followed, the exercise was modified. In a second attempt, the trainees were asked to prepare multimedia presentations comparing selected aspects of both guidelines (e.g., use of metaphors, character naming, description of gestures, emotions, etc.). The intention was for them to contrast the diverging approaches and reflect upon them. However, again, the trainees presented a compilation of "commandments" to be followed. Even if the rules were contradictory, they did not feel that they should be disputed or challenged.
In a third attempt, I tried to take this issue into account, and the exercise was modified yet again. An additional exercise was added before the trainees were asked to prepare the presentation -the students were asked to watch and discuss films with AD prepared following the opposing guidelines. There are two reasons for this. First, additional activities aim to provide trainees with an opportunity to reflect upon the guidelines by contrasting them with real-life descriptions. Secondly, placing the additional exercises before the guidelines are analysed helps to shift the learning process from deductive to inductive. This seems especially important when dealing with guidelines as, I hope, it allows learners to look at them with a critical eye rather than merely accepting them as revealed truth. This is because, while these documents most certainly provided very necessary guidance on how to draft AD, they are now perceived as anecdotal and non-research based (Fryer, 2010;Jankowska, 2015;Udo & Fels, 2011), and research results point to a strategy-based approach in AD (Remael, Reviers, & Vercauteren, 2015).

Exercise 1: Which one do you prefer?
As already explained, this exercise sets out to help trainees discover on their own different AD strategies, especially when it comes to objectivity and subjectivity. The trainees watch two feature films: Krótki Film o Miłości [A Short Film about Love] (Kieślowski, 1978) with AD prepared following the subjective approach and Urodziny [Birthday] (Sobieszczański, 2011) prepared following the objective approach. Both films are freely and legally available on-line. While watching, the trainees are asked to pay special attention to the description of gestures, emotions, characters, sounds and colours as well as the use of metaphors, language and syntax. The viewing is followed by a discussion in which the trainees compare the ADs and express and justify their preferences.

Exercise 2: What's in the guidelines?
In this exercise, the trainees learn not only that guidelines exist, but by comparing them, hopefully, they realize that alternative approaches exist in AD. Working in groups, the trainees prepare a 15-minute multimedia presentation on Polish AD guidelines, which is then presented during the course. Both groups analyse both documents -Group A focuses on, for example, metaphors, colours, emotions and Group B on, for instance, characters, gestures, clothes. This allows the trainees to compare the approaches rather than present them as rules.

From rules to strategies
In recent years we have witnessed a significant change regarding the approach towards AD guidelines, one that can be described as a shift from a rule-based approach to a strategy-based approach (Maszerowska et al., 2014;Mazur, 2014;Remael et al., 2015;Szarkowska & Jankowska, 2015b). The point of the activities presented below is not to question the guidelines, and even less the need for objective descriptions. On the contrary, the activities aim to show the trainees that they can "work with a scale with subjective and objective at the two extremes and varying degrees of objectivity and subjectivity in between rather than with a binary opposition of objective versus subjective" (Mazur & Chmiel, 2012a, p. 186).

Exercise 1: Three times lucky
The purpose of this exercise is to show the trainees that different strategies in AD scriptng are possible and that the choice of a given local strategy depends not only on the general approach but on the context of the described scene. In this exercise, the trainees compare three different descriptions (Example 3) of the same scene from a Polish comedy Seksmisja [Sexmission] (Sołtysik & Machulski, 1983). Seksmisja is a Polish cult comedy which tells a story of two men who agree to be hibernated in 1991 as part of a scientific experiment. Instead of being woken up in three years -as originally planned -they wake up in 2044 in a post-nuclear world where they are the only two males in a society composed exclusively of women, hostile towards men. In the finale, the two men, disguised as laboratory workers, enter the in-vitro lab and inject sperm into the incubation machinery. Flashing forward to several months later, a first boy is born.
All the descriptions were taken from existing ADs. Description 1 comes from one of the first ADs ever written in Poland in the 1990s. 10 Description 2 was written by the Katarynka Foundation and Description 3 by the Audiodeskrypcja Foundation. Each script presents a different approach to the subjectivity/objectivity issue. Trainees are asked to compare the three descriptions, discuss their pros and cons, and choose the one that, in their opinion, suits the context the best or to propose an alternative version. What is vital in this exercise is the fact that, given the context of the film's finale, the most objective Description 3 might be the best fit.
Example 3: Sample of three different descriptions of the same scene.

Exercise 2: Let's do it differently!
This exercise evolves around an alternative/subjective approach to AD scripting and, once again, aims at showing the trainees that different approaches to AD are possible. The trainees work with a trailer for the Rio Paralympics -Audio Described: We're The Superhumans (Channel 4, 2016). The trailer, available online, has a very particular description in which both the text and the vocal delivery are very lively. The trainees are asked first to listen to the trailer's audio and then to see the clip. After that they are encouraged to engage in a discussion about this non-standard approach, to comment on how it is different from the standard ADs, to discuss its possible pros and cons and to consider whether they like it and whether the audiences with vision loss would enjoy it.

Exercise 3: Have you ever seen a robin?
The purpose of this exercise is to show to the trainees that different approaches can be used when scripting AD. They are also encouraged to compare them, discuss their pros and cons and reflect on how the context of the scene and the film influences the choice of approach. In this exercise, the trainees compare two different descriptions of the opening scene of the blockbuster movie Gladiator (Scott, 2000). Both descriptions are based on real descriptions that were prepared for the Krakow Film Music Festival in 2014. However, both descriptions were manipulated so that they are more extreme in terms of subjectivity/objectivity and scope and level of detail. Version B is a first draft prepared by a volunteer and Version A is based on the final version, proofread by an experienced describer.
Example 4: Two different descriptions of Gladiator opening scene.
After seeing the scene and reading the descriptions, the trainees compare both versions and engage in a discussion about the choices of the describers -in terms of both what has been described and how it has been described. The level of detail and objectivity are under the spotlight during this discussion. Finally, the trainees -working in groups, pairs or individually -are asked to produce their own descriptions of the two scenes.

Exercise 4: Relativity of time!
This exercise, again, exploits the issue of choosing the appropriate AD strategies. The focus is the artistic vision of the described film but also the available time, which requires compromise. The exercise develops around a very peculiar video that is freely available online: Epic Tea Time with Alan Rickman (Michalek, 2012). The original video is about 7 minutes long. It presents -in extreme slow motion -a scene in which Alan Rickman is seated behind a desk in a dark room. Rickman's actions are at first "limited" to dropping a tea bag and a lemon slice into a mug of water and stirring the contents. In an emotional finale, Rickman throws the mug and overturns the desk. The slow-motion filming evokes the power of emotion and dramatic ability. It also allows the viewer to see all that usually goes unnoticed -for example, melodramatic spills of water, intense swirls of the tea bag string, the actor's striking mimicking that reveal the movement of every single facial muscle.
For the activity itself, two edited versions of the film are used: the official film (Michalek, 2012) in dramatic time (approx. 7 minutes) and an unofficial re-edit (Monteith, 2012) in real-time (approx. 11 seconds). The trainees are asked to draft the AD script twice. First, they draft AD to the long clip and only after it is completed are they asked to see the short clip and rewrite their script so that it fits into the time available.
Afterwards, they engage in a discussion on adapting the description to time restrictions, the video's style, and the artistic vision.

Collaborative AD scripting
Although collaborative AD scripting is a workflow overlooked by research, it is used in professional practice to speed up the work on AD scripting when time is short (Jankowska, 2018a). To give some examples: it is a common practice to assign more than one describer to a series season or even to a film (e.g., one describer writes AD for the first half of the series or film and the other the second half) (A. Psiuk, personal communication, 20 November 2018;S. Yousaf, personal communication, 22 November 2018).
Collaborative AD scripting requires proper planning and an ability to adjust one's personal scripting style so that the final script is homogenous. The exercises presented below overlap with ADLAB PRO Competences 5, 6, 6b, 6c, 6d, 11 and 12.

Exercise 1: Trading places
The purpose of this exercise is to introduce the trainees to the new AD workflowcollaborative scripting -and through a first-hand experience encourage them to reflect on its pros and cons. In this exercise, the trainees are asked to prepare AD to a clip from a series or a film (approx. 5 minutes) in a restricted time of 30 minutes. After 15 minutes -without warning -the trainees are asked to change places, for example, to move one computer to the right and continue scripting from whichever place their colleague finished at. They are not given any extra time, so they have to adapt to what has already been written rather than correct it. Once finished, the students engage in a group discussion, during which they reflect on the pros, cons and challenges of collaborative AD scripting.

Exercise 2: Let's work together
In this exercise, the trainees learn about the workflow in collaborative AD scripting and identify the people, processes and tools involved in it. The trainees work together in a team of 3-5. They are asked to produce an AD script to a film clip, assuming the roles of a project manager, describers and proofreaders. They work in a cloud environment using tools such as Dropbox/Google drive for AD scripting and ASANA for project management. They work remotely and contact the trainer through email as if the trainer were their client. After completing the task, in a class discussion, the trainees reflect upon the pros and cons of collaborative scriptng and propose improvements to the process.

Conclusions
In this article, I have presented some of the exercises I have been developing and testing, using the old-fashioned method of trial and error, since 2009. I also tried to frame them within the ADLAB PRO framework of competences of professional audio describer -and I am happy to say that they seem to fit.
The exercises presented are by no means a complete or systematic teaching curriculum, but I sincerely hope that they do help to train successful describers who can provide a quality service.
Do they work? Currently, three of my now ex-trainees are involved in the everyday work of the NGO we established in 2011 with yet another former student. Six more collaborate with us on a less regular basis, one is pursuing her PhD in media accessibility, and five more have just finished their summer internship with us and are staying on. I think it is safe to say "yes, they did". This is merely a personal opinion, however. I strongly believe that formal tests of the approach and exercises discussed in this article are needed. And so is a comprehensive framework for describers' training and structured training materials -ADLAB PRO is an important step in this direction.